Grumman F9F Panther in the Korean War

Having had success in building fighters for the US Navy during World War II with models such as the F4F Wildcat, F6F Hellcat, and F8F Bearcat, Grumman began work on its first jet aircraft in 1946. Responding to a request for a jet-powered night fighter, Grummans first effort, dubbed G-75, intended to utilize four Westinghouse J30 jet engines mounted in the wings. The large number of engines was necessary as the output of early turbojets was low. As the design progressed, advances in technology saw the number of engines reduced to two. Designated XF9F-1, the night fighter design lost a competition to the Douglas XF3D-1 Skyknight. As a precaution, the US Navy ordered two prototypes of the Grumman entry on April 11, 1946. Recognizing that the XF9F-1 had key flaws, such as a lack of space for fuel, Grumman commenced evolving the design into a new aircraft. This saw the crew reduced from two to one and the elimination of night-fighting equipment. The new design, the G-79, moved forward as a single-engine, single-seat day fighter. The concept impressed the US Navy which amended the G-75 contract to include three G-79 prototypes. Development Assigned the designation XF9F-2, the US Navy requested that two of the prototypes be powered by the Rolls-Royce Nene centrifugal-flow turbojet engine. During this time, work was moving forward to allow Pratt Whitney to build the Nene under license as the J42. As this had not been completed, the US Navy asked that the third prototype be powered by a General Electric/Allison J33. The XF9F-2 first flew on November 21, 1947 with Grumman test pilot Corwin Corky Meyer at the controls and was powered by one of the Rolls-Royce engines. The XF9F-2 possessed a mid-mounted straight-wing with leading edge and trailing edge flats. Intakes for the engine were triangular in shape and situated in wing root. The elevators were mounted high on the tail. For landing, the aircraft utilized a tricycle landing gear arrangement and a stinger retractable arresting hook. Performing well in testing, it proved capable of 573 mph at 20,000 feet. As trials moved forward, it was found that the aircraft still lacked the necessary fuel storage. To combat this issue, permanently mounted wingtip fuel tanks were mounted to the XF9F-2 in 1948. The new aircraft was named Panther and mounted a base armament of four 20mm cannon which were aimed using a Mark 8 computing optical gunsight. In addition to the guns, the aircraft was capable of carrying a mix of bombs, rockets, and fuel tanks under its wings. In total, the Panther could mount 2,000 pounds of ordnance or fuel externally, though the due to a lack of power from the J42, F9Fs seldom launched with a full load. Production: Entering service in May 1949 with VF-51, the F9F Panther passed its carrier qualifications later that year. While the first two variants of the aircraft, the F9F-2 and F9F-3, differed only in their power plants (J42 vs. J33), the F9F-4 saw the fuselage lengthened, tail enlarged, and the inclusion of the Allison J33 engine. This was later superseded by the F9F-5 which used the same airframe but incorporated a license-built version of the Rolls-Royce RB.44 Tay (Pratt Whitney J48). While the F9F-2 and F9F-5 became the main production models of the Panther, reconnaissance variants (F9F-2P and F9F-5P) were also constructed. Early in the Panthers development, concern arose regarding the aircrafts speed. As a result, a swept-wing version of the aircraft was also designed. Following early engagements with the MiG-15 during the Korean War, work was accelerated and the F9F Cougar produced. First flying in September 1951, the US Navy viewed the Cougar as a derivative of the Panther hence its designation as F9F-6. Despite the accelerated development timeline, F9F-6s did not see combat in Korea. Specifications (F9F-2 Panther): General Length: 37 ft. 5 in.Wingspan: 38 ft.Height: 11 ft. 4 in.Wing Area: 250 ft ²Empty Weight: 9,303 lbs.Loaded Weight: 14,235 lbs.Crew: 1 Performance Power Plant: 2 Ãâ€" Pratt Whitney J42-P-6/P-8 turbojetCombat Radius: 1,300 milesMax. Speed: 575 mphCeiling: 44,600 ft. Armament 4 Ãâ€" 20 mm M2 cannon6 Ãâ€" 5 in. rockets on underwing hardpoints or 2,000 lbs. of bomb Operational History: Joining the fleet in 1949, the F9F Panther was the US Navys first jet fighter. With the US entry into the Korean War in 1950, the aircraft immediately saw combat over the peninsula. On July 3, a Panther from USS Valley Forge (CV-45) flown by Ensign E.W. Brown scored the aircrafts first kill when he downed a Yakovlev Yak-9 near Pyongyang, North Korea. That fall, Chinese MiG-15s entered the conflict. The fast, swept-wing fighter out-classed the US Air Forces F-80 Shooting Stars as well as older piston-engine aircraft such as the F-82 Twin Mustang. Though slower than the MiG-15, US Navy and Marine Corps Panthers proved capable of combating the enemy fighter. On November 9, Lieutenant Commander William Amen of VF-111 downed a MiG-15 for the US Navys first jet fighter kill. Due to the MiGs superiority, the Panther was forced to hold the line for part of the fall until the USAF could rush three squadrons of the new North American F-86 Sabre to Korea. During this time, the Panther was in such demand that the  Navy Flight Demonstration Team (The Blue Angels) was forced to turn over its F9Fs for use in combat. As the Sabre increasingly took over the air superiority role, the Panther began to see extensive use as a ground attack aircraft due to its versatility and hefty payload. Famous pilots of the aircraft included future astronaut John Glenn and Hall of Famer Ted Williams who flew as wingmen in VMF-311. The F9F Panther remained the US Navy and Marine Corps primary aircraft for the duration of the fighting in Korea. As jet technology rapidly advanced, the F9F Panther began to be replaced in American squadrons in the mid-1950s. While the type was withdrawn from frontline service by the US Navy in 1956, it remained active with the Marine Corps until the following year. Though used by reserve formations for several years, the Panther also found use as a drone and drone tug into the 1960s. In 1958, the United States sold several F9Fs to Argentina for use aboard their carrier ARA Independencia (V-1). These remained active until 1969. A successful aircraft for Grumman, the F9F Panther was the first of several jets the company provided for the US Navy, with the most famous being the F-14 Tomcat.

Burger King Corporate Social Responsibility - 1406 Words

Critical Reasoning Individual Essay Assignment Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) refers â€Å"the ethical principle that a person or an organization should be accountable for how its acts might affect the physical environment and the general public† (Jobber, D. Fahy, J., 2009). Nowadays, CSR programme is a global trend, which is encouraged by the government. It also helps the company in partnership and investment opportunities. On the other hand, CSR programme can enhance the company’s image in the consumers’ views. It would be very effective in a competitive market. And furthermore, CSR programme can improve the productivity and reduce the producing cost for the company. For these reasons, all kinds of business have began to focus on†¦show more content†¦For example, a customer can choose whether to have normal cheese, or low-fat cheese for his burger. Of course, BKC will set the price of low-fat cheese lower than the normal cheese in order to target at the price sensitivity customers and motiv ate more people to use low-fat products. In additional, not only to make a better lifestyle, BKC can help to make a better world in decreasing non-traditional threads (sea rinse, climate change, earthquake†¦) to the earth by using materials that come from certificated suppliers. For instance, source only beef that has been raised in environmentally responsible ways so that none of the beef comes from deforested tropical rainforests. Or using vegetables that come from certificated farms. This will make a worthy contribution to the environment. In terms of implication and evaluation, all the CSR programmes have volunteer characteristics that put society and environment benefits as the main point. However, if BKC apply the new CSR plan, it will gain so many other benefits. â€Å"It is widely known that Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is the way that leading companies nowadays do business, not only because it is clearly the right thing to do, but also because it is accompanied with long term benefits. One of the benefits CSR is reputable for is its ability to enchase, if not build, your business’s image and reputation† (CSE, 2013). As CSR is the marketing tool, this plan will help to enhanceShow MoreRelatedAnalysing Mcdonalds (Fast Food Outlets) Using the Porters 5 Forces Model – Sometimes Called the Competitive Forces Model.1012 Words   |  5 Pagesmakes competition a major focus. McDonalds however is far larger than most in the industry with 31,000 outlets compared to its nearest hamburger competitor Burger King, with 11,500 (Reuters, 2008). KFC (owned by 2nd largest competitor Yum! 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Medical Imaging/Radiology Small Bowel Obstructions

Question: Discuss about theMedical Imaging/Radiology for Small Bowel Obstructions. Answer: Introduction: Condition/Pathological Process/Medical Significance The small bowel obstructions (SBO) are the category of intestinal or bowel obstruction that is functional or mechanical blocks in the intestine that leads to hindrance in normal intestinal. These SBOs can lead to hindrance in normal transmission or excretion of digestion products from intestine. The major causes of SBO are barbed sutures, volvulus, ischemic strictures, pseudo-obstruction, intestinal atresia, and artery syndrome. Further, occurring of adhesions due to surgeries (abdominal), Crohns disease also causes small bowel obstruction. The typical clinical indications of SBO formation are the crimpy abdominal pain, constipation, vomiting nausea, abdominal distension (1, 4). Pathological Process and Medical Significance The occurrence of SBO in the intestine leads to accumulation of GI secretions and gas in bowel proximal of the intestine that is basically the site of Small bowel obstructions. This action further enhances the cell secretory function leading to increasing in more bowel proximal accumulation. Hence, active peristalsis gets initiated above and below the obstruction (2). At peak level of obstruction, there is the occurrence of vomiting that leads to enhancement of intraluminal pressures which in turn causes bowel wall lymphedema. The increased intraluminal pressure in capillary beds leads to accumulation of fluids and other materials in intestinal lumen enhancing increased mortality and morbidity. The formation of adhesions occurs when the bowel twist on its mesenteric pedicle which if left untreated can also lead to death. Further, bacterial growth at the site of obstruction leads to microvascular changes that allow mesenteric lymph nodes translocation. The medical significance of SBO includes sepsis formation, wound dehiscence, abdominal abscess, short bowel syndrome, aspiration and even death due to delay in treatment (5). Imaging Procedures Employed to Evaluate the Pathology The plain radiography of flat and upright view is required in case SBO is suspected, however, this imaging process is applicable in the case of simple obstruction. Further, enteroclysis is required when plain radiography fails to detect SBO even in the presence of clinical symptoms. Enteroclysis confirms SBO in partial and complete blockages. Further, CT scan (computed tomography scanning) is employed when clinical conditions like pain, fever, tachycardia and leucocytosis occur in the patient (3). Radiologic Features The first and foremost identifyingthe radiological feature of small bowel obstruction is an appearance of air-fluid small bowel that is visual in plain radiography (plain X-ray). Further, the appearance of colonic gas highlights incomplete obstruction rather than complete SBO. Plain radiographic also highlights the presence of foreign body like gallstones. However, in contrast, radiography, gastrografin bowel appears as an obstruction in the mid-small bowel. There is the appearance of third special fluid in the intestinal lumen. The simple SMO are normal in appearance whereas complex once are volvulus, ischemic bowel, closed-loop, and incarcerated hernias (3,5,6). Treatment Options There are both operative and non-operative treatment options as per the condition of SBO. Non-Operative Treatments Adhesions A reduction in intraoperative trauma can minimise the adhesion formation in the peritoneal surfaces Acute Postoperative Obstruction Intervention These are basically postoperative conditions that arise after SBO surgeries including incisional pain and ileus formation. They require nursing management strategies for control Malignant Tumour Treatment Surgical resection is considered to be non-operative treatment for obstruction occurring due to tumour formation Inflammatory Bowel Disease Management The occurrence of inflammation is a sign of SBO formation, therefore, high-dose steroids, parenteral treatment, and bowel rest are non-operative processes to control inflammatory bowel disease. In case non-operative treatment is not functional than bowel resection, surgery, and stricturoplasty is employed for treatment (7) Radiation Therapy This involves as a non-operative treatment where acute radiation therapy is applied to SBO followed by steroids. If radiation therapy isnt successful then surgical treatment is the only option. Monitoring and Observation The pulse rate, blood pressure, and turgor pressure, urine output measures regularly indicate the fluid status of the body. Therefore, proper measurement and observations help to monitor the severity of the disease. Nasogastric Tube This nasogastric tube is used for upper gastrointestinal decompression to avoid nausea, vomiting and bowel distension (8) Analgesia The medication is prescribed to relief the peritoneal irritation indications that are initial signs of bowel ischemia. Fluid Replacement Therapy There is a continuous loss of fluid due to vomiting and sequestration in initial stages of the disease. Therefore, fluid replacement therapy in for of isotonic fluid intake in litres is maintained to replace the fluid loss (1, 2). Operative Treatments The laparoscopy is implemented as a safe and effective surgical option in case of severe conditions of small bowel obstruction. Surgery is an easy going process when only single adhesive band or a hernia is the cause of SBO but surgery is complex when dense adhesions produce SBO. The operative treatment is involved in the case of failure of non-operative management or treatment (9). References OConnor DB, Winter DC. The role of laparoscopy in the management of acute small-bowel obstruction: a review of over 2,000 cases. Surgical endoscopy. 2012 Jan 1;26(1):12-7. Maung AA, Johnson DC, Piper GL, Barbosa RR, Rowell SE, Bokhari F, Collins JN, Gordon JR, Ra JH, Kerwin AJ. Evaluation and management of small-bowel obstruction: an Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma practice management guideline. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery. 2012 Nov 1;73(5):S362-9. Lee JM, Jung SE, Lee KY. Small-bowel obstruction caused by phytobezoar: MR imaging findings. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2012 Nov 23. Bartels SA, Vlug MS, Hollmann MW, Dijkgraaf MG, Ubbink DT, Cense HA, van Wagensveld BA, Engel AF, Gerhards MF, Bemelman WA. Small bowel obstruction, incisional hernia and survival after laparoscopic and open colonic resection (LAFA study). British Journal of Surgery. 2014 Aug 1;101(9):1153-9. Tierris I, Mavrantonis C, Stratoulias C, Panousis G, Mpetsou A, Kalochristianakis N. Laparoscopy for acute small bowel obstruction: indication or contraindication?. Surgical endoscopy. 2011 Feb 1;25(2):531-5. Kirshtein B, Mizrahi S, Sinelnikov I, Lantsberg L. Abdominal cocoon as a rare cause of small bowel obstruction in an elderly man: report of a case and review of the literature. Indian Journal of Surgery. 2011 Jan 1;73(1):73-5. Li, M. Z., Lian, L., Xiao, L. B., Wu, W. H., He, Y. L., Song, X. M. (2012). Laparoscopic versus open adhesiolysis in patients with adhesive small bowel obstruction: a systematic review and meta-analysis.The American Journal of Surgery,204(5), 779-786. Maung, A. A., Johnson, D. C., Piper, G. L., Barbosa, R. R., Rowell, S. E., Bokhari, F., ... Kerwin, A. J. (2012). Evaluation and management of small-bowel obstruction: an Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma practice management guideline.Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery,73(5), S362-S369. Lee, J. M., Jung, S. E., Lee, K. Y. (2012). Small-bowel obstruction caused by phytobezoar: MR imaging findings.American Journal of Roentgenology.